Returning Islamist foreign fighters: threats and challenges to the West

The returnee challenge

Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq: aberration from history or history repeated?

Foreign fighters after the conflict ends

Foreign fighter returnees from Syria and Iraq

Dealing and the challenge: responses to foreign fighters and foreign fighter returnees

Prosecution of foreign fighter returnees

Women, jihad, and female returnees

Child returnees

Moving forward

Appendix: Islamist terrorist attacks in the west, 1990-2019