Life concepts from Aristotle to Darwin: on vegetable souls

Chapter 1. Vegetable Souls?

Goals for the Book

Recurrent Themes

Composition

Causal Processes

Activity and Agency

Individuality

Purpose

Platonic and Aristotelian Approaches

References. Part I Birth

Chapter 2: Greek Life: Psyche and Early Life-Concepts

Shades of Homer

Life Before Plato

Returning from the Dead

Common Life

Multiple Souls

The Stuff of Life

Soul Particles

Cosmic Sou l

References. Chapter 3. Strangely Moved: Appetitive Souls in Plato

Forms and Particulars

Lasting Souls

Ruling Souls

A Continuum of Souls

Achieving Harmony

World Order.

Part II Development

Chapter 7. The Breath of Life: Nephesh in Hebrew Scriptures

Hellenistic and Hebrew Thought

Hebrew Scriptures

A Second Life

Philo of Alexandria

References. Chapter 8. Life After Life: Spiritual Life in Christianity

A Note on Interpretation

Two Lives, Two Deaths

Spirit Versus Flesh?

Two Deaths

Two Births

Christian Identity

Tertullian

Origen

References. Chapter 9. Invisible Seeds: Life-Concepts in Augustine

The Dual Creation

Biology

The Hierarchy of Life

The Inner Person

The Rational Animal

The Will

Two Deaths, Two Resurrections

References. Chapter 10. Aristotle Returns: A Second Medieval Synthesis

Aristotle Reinterpreted

The Falsafah

Ibn Sînâ

Al-Ghazâlî

Ibn Rushd

Maimonides

References. Chapter 11. Life Divided: Vegetable Life in Aquinas

Albert the Great

Thomas Aquinas

Hierarchical Creation

Multiple Births

Will and Intellect

Resurrection

Hierarchy

References.

Part III: Death. Chapter 12. Mechanism Displaces the Soul

William of Ockham

The Protestant Reformation

The Mechanical Philosophy

The Machine Metaphor

Ontological Elimination

Etiological Reduction

Pierre Gassendi

René Descartes

Cartesian Biology

Life in Space

References. Chapter 13. Divided Hopes: Physics Versus Metaphysics

How to Study Life

Bacon-Physics and Metaphysics

Leibniz-Matter and Monads

Kant-Phenomena and Noumena

Design Arguments

Irreconcilable Differences

Idealists

David Hume

The Iatromechanists

Reducible Life

Irreducible Life

References. Chapter 14. Ghosts in the Machine: Vitalism

The Animists

The Iatrochemists

The (Iatro)Vitalists

Vital Forces and Fluids

German Idealism

Georg Hegel

Friedrich Nietzsche

The Two Natures

Emergence

References. Chapter 15. The Same and Different: Early Theories of Evolution

Clearing the Path

Evolution

Comte du Buffon

Erasmus Darwin

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

References. Chapter 16. Vegetable Significance: Evolution by Natural Selection

Charles Darwin

Darwin on Human Uniqueness

Darwin on the Environment as Cause

Alternative Evolutions

Herbert Spencer

Alfred Russel Wallace

References.

Part IV: New Life. Chapter 17. "Vegetables" Versus Modern Plants

The Tree of Life

Modern Plants

Sensation in Plants

Memory and Will in Plants

The Value of Vegetable Life

References. Chapter 18. Vegetable Individuality: The Organismal Self

Regulators

Replicators

Biological Individuals

Genetic Individuality and Agency

Biological Nominalism

Population Thinking

Non-exclusive Organisms

References. Chapter 19. Animal Individuality: The Subjective Self

Processes with a Back End

All or Nothing

Alternate Interiority

Evolutionary Refinements in Individuality

Evolved Intention

Panpsychism

References. Chapter 20. What can be revived (and What Cannot)

Natural Selection and Effiecient Causes

Causal Nexus and Final Causes

Causal Nexus in Modern Biology

Pragmatic Formal Causes

Categories, Not Causes

References.