Embattled avant-gardes: modernism's resistance to commodity culture in Europe

Early avant-garde modernism

Intellectuals, commodity culture, and religions of art in the nineteenth century

F.T. Marinetti

Guillaume Apollinaire

Wassily Kandinsky

Varieties of interwar modernism

The rise and fall of design modernism: Bauhaus, De Stijl, and purism

Futurism and its modernist rivals in fascist Italy

André Breton's surrealism

The critical modernism of Herbert Read.